The first initiative for organizing a scientific conference at the University “St. Kliment Ohridski” – Bitola was launched in 2022, in recognition of World Science Day for Peace and Development. On this occasion, the University held its inaugural international science forum, “Science in Action!”, dedicated to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the following years, the UKLO Annual International Scientific Conference (AISC) was established, under the theme “A Multidisciplinary Approach to Sustainable Development Goals,” and has since been organized on an annual basis. The SDGs hold particular significance for UKLO, as the University aims to function as a community-oriented institution that actively contributes to sustainable development. In response to the increasing number of high-quality papers submitted to the AISC, a need emerged for their proper dissemination through a platform that ensures high visibility and accessibility. This aligns fully with UKLO’s commitment to Open Access publishing and Open Science, in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI), the principles of the Coalition for Advancing Research Assessment (CoARA), the Action Plan for Diamond Open Access, and the Barcelona Declaration on Open Research Information. In light of this, we are pleased to announce the launch of the UKLO Proceedings—an annual open-access publication featuring peer-reviewed papers presented at the AISCs organized by the University “St. Kliment Ohridski” – Bitola (UKLO), North Macedonia, beginning with the 2024 edition. The UKLO Proceedings aims to provide global access to high-quality, multidisciplinary research, reflecting the University’s dedication to academic excellence and the open dissemination of knowledge. While the proceedings will primarily be published in digital format to ensure broad accessibility, printed editions will also be available for institutional archives, library collections, and authors who prefer physical copies. The UKLO Proceedings is already indexed in Scilit and Google Scholar, and the editorial team is actively working to expand its presence in other prominent abstracting and indexing databases. These efforts underscore UKLO’s continued dedication to increasing the visibility and impact of the research presented at its annual conferences.
University St. Kliment Ohridski in Bitola
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FOOD SYSTEMS TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY AND HEALTHIER GLOBAL NUTRITION
Introduction: The global food system encompasses interconnected activities including food production, processing, distribution, consumption, and waste management. However, this system significantly contributes to environmental degradation, with approximately 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions originating from food production and its associated processes. This review addresses the urgent need to transition toward sustainable food systems that can support both human and planetary health. The objective is to explore the role of the agri-food sector, alongside governmental and other stakeholders, in promoting sustainable healthy diets—defined as dietary patterns that are health-promoting, accessible, affordable, safe, equitable, and culturally appropriate. Methods: The methodological approach consisted of a comprehensive literature review, analyzing current research, reports, and policy documents to assess the effectiveness of interventions in improving nutrition and reducing environmental impact. The review also examines strategies such as food reformulation, development of functional foods, waste valorization, and public education aimed at changing consumer behavior. Results: Findings highlight the critical role of sustainable food systems in addressing the double burden of malnutrition—where undernutrition and obesity coexist—and in preventing non-communicable diseases. The evidence indicates that improving food availability, affordability, and quality through coordinated actions among the agri-food sector and policymakers can significantly contribute to better health outcomes and reduced environmental impact. Discussion: This review underscores the importance of systemic change in food production and consumption patterns. It concludes that equitable access to nutritious food, combined with education and innovation in food production, are essential to achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
CORRELATION BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL ABILITY AND FALL RISK AMONGINSTITUTIONALIZED ELDERLY RESIDENTS
This research examined the relationship between functional ability and fall risk among institutionalized elderly persons. The objective was to determine how levels of independence in activities of daily living measured by the Barthel Index correlate with general functional capacity and vulnerability to falls. A quantitative, cross-sectional design was used including 30 participants from 53 to 89 years from a residential care home in Kravari, North Macedonia. Functional performance was assessed across ten activities of daily life categories, and descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using Pearson correlation, t-test, analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression. Results indicated that 40% of participants had severe dependence, while 26.7% were totally dependent, with a mean Barthel score of 47.83 ± 32.92. Strong positive correlations were found between total functional independence and subdomains of mobility (r = 0.927), transfer (r = 0.897), and toileting (r = 0.861), all with p < 0.001. The regression model found toileting, feeding, and dressing as predictors of independence (R² = 0.891, p < 0.001). These results confirmed that reduced functional ability is associated with increased fall risk and stress the importance of rehabilitation focusing on mobility, postural control, and self-care restoration in institutionalized elderly persons.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE, CULTURAL DIPLOMACY AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Introduction: This paper addresses the critical reevaluation of cultural diplomacy's role in 21st-century international relations. In an era where the effectiveness of soft power tools is often questioned, this study aims to explore a novel methodological approach by examining the intersection of archaeological heritage and cultural diplomacy to foster sustainable development in global affairs. Methods: The research employs a qualitative analysis of existing literature and specific case studies in the field of heritage diplomacy. It examines the mechanisms through which archaeological sites, artefacts, and cultural narratives are integrated into diplomatic strategies to promote intercultural dialogue and sustainable practices. Results: The analysis demonstrates that archaeological heritage, due to its profound impact on identity formation and cultural narratives, functions as a crucial component of the "software" of modern societies. The findings indicate its significant potential as a soft power tool to enhance international relations by contributing to peacebuilding, preserving cultural diversity, stimulating responsible tourism, and supporting economic growth through heritage preservation. Discussion: The study concludes that integrating archaeological heritage with cultural diplomacy strategies offers a powerful means to advance Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) while strengthening political and economic ties. The results underscore the broader applicability of heritage diplomacy in global peace and cooperation efforts. The paper also discusses the inherent challenges of leveraging complex cultural elements and suggests areas for further research into the practical implementation of these interdisciplinary strategies.
TACKLING ORGANIZED CRIME AND THE NEED TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Introduction: According to the 2030 Agenda, "To achieve sustainable development, peace and security are necessary; and peace and security will be at risk without sustainable development." The paper will contribute to building Security, peacebuilding and resilience in the context of sustainable development. Methods: When preparing the paper, the author uses general methods, including descriptive, normative, comparative, and content analysis methods. Results: In the final part of the paper, the author concludes that the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime builds a global strategic approach to tackling organized crime by strengthening political commitment to addressing the challenge, building an evidence-based base on organized crime, and developing networks of resilience in affected communities. Discussion: The widening gap between crime authorities and resilience efforts highlights the urgent need to adopt practical strategies to combat organized crime globally. A primary tool for combating organized crime is the ability to develop and manage an effective response strategy.
AI IN LITERATURE TEACHING: EXPLORING THE TRANSFORMATIVE POTENTIAL OF COMMERCIAL AI MODELS
Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) has completely transformed our world, fundamentally changing many areas of our daily lives. While natural language processing (NLP) technologies have become part of our day-to-day live, one of the sectors most significantly affected appears to be education. However, one area that remains underexplored is AI in pedagogical stylistics – i.e., the practical use of AI models in teaching literature within the English language classroom. Methods: Recognizing a research gap, this qualitative paper explores how teachers can incorporate AI into pre-, during-, and post-reading activities. Drawing on existing literature and personal experience with AI use, the study proposes practical applications and activity designs, with a focus on instructional integration of AI. Results: The paper proposes a series of practical AI-based activities designed to strengthen students’ EFL (English as a Foreign Language) skills while leveraging the immense potential of these technologies in language and literature education. Discussion: By addressing the gap in AI’s role in pedagogical stylistics, the paper emphasizes AI’s potential to improve engagement, comprehension, and critical thinking in literature-based EFL instruction.
ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDIA AND EU
Introduction: In environmental governance, access to justice is crucial to ensure accountability, public contribution and safeguards of rights. Both India and Europe have established legal systems to uphold environmental justice, but they do so within very different legal, cultural and constitutional frameworks. The Aarhus Convention dominates the European framework, although “Articles 21, 32 and 226 of the Indian Constitution” are based on judicial activism and constitutional foundations. This study examines the similarities, differences and lessons for improving access to justice between the judicial systems of India and Europe. Method: The study adopts comparative legal analysis referring to international instrument’s constitutional provisions and judicial decisions. Decisions of the “Indian Supreme Court and the National Green Tribunal (NGT)” are analyzed alongside decisions of the “European Court of Justice (ECJ) and European domestic courts.” Result: The Indian judiciary has given a wide interpretation to the right to a healthy environment under Article 21, thereby expanding “access to justice via PILs (PILs).” A special place for environmental disputes has also been bestowed by the NGT. On the other hand, Aarhus Convention guarantees that people and NGOs can challenge environmental decisions in Europe. Although the ECJ has upheld these rights, member countries continue to impose practical barriers such as cost and permanency requirements. Discussion: While both countries support the right to access to justice, Europe places greater emphasis on procedural safeguards and conformity to international standards, while India relies more on “fundamental rights and judicial innovation.” Europe offers organized but sometimes limited procedural channels, while India’s PIL mechanism offers a comprehensive approach but risks overburdening the courts. Collectively, these models demonstrate different but complementary perspectives on environmental justice.
OFF LABEL USE OF HUMAN DRUGS IN VETERINARY SMALL PRACTICE IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA
“Off-label use” is defined as the use of a medicinal product that is not in accordance with the summary of the product characteristics, which includes the use of a medicine. for unapproved species, disease, route of administration, or dosage. This is widespread practice in veterinary medicine, especially “off-label use” of human-approved drugs for the treatment of small animals. The data was collected from a private veterinary practice in North Macedonia. Veterinarians were asked to collect data on every off-label prescription or application of human drugs during a 3-month period. In both cats and dogs, oral antibacterial drugs were the most prescribed drugs, and oral application of amoxiclav was most commonly used in both species. The reasons all over the world why veterinarians frequently use “off-label” drugs from human medicine may be different: low price, no medicines available for treatment of a specific condition, more suitable drug formula. Antibacterial drugs are the number one ‘off-label use’ drug in small animal practice in our country, and these data are similar to results from other countries. The main concern for off-label use of human drugs in veterinary medicine is the risk to public health, especially off-label use of antimicrobial drugs and potential impacts on public health due to antimicrobial resistance. the findings of this study indicate that in small animal veterinary practice in North Macedonia, the off-label use of human medicinal products, particularly antibacterial drugs, remains a widespread and routine clinical practice. Clearer professional guidelines and better regulation are needed to provide veterinarians with clear and standardized protocols, thereby justifying the use of human drugs.
CHANGES IN THE DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF MACROPHYTES IN THE LOCALITY EZERANI - LAKE PRESPA
Macrophytes represent one of the key biological elements used in evaluating the ecological status of freshwater ecosystems, as their qualitative composition and abundance reflect long-term environmental conditions. Recent surveys of Lake Prespa indicate a substantial decline in macrophyte diversity and population density, signalling notable ecological degradation. To assess the current state of the lake’s littoral vegetation, this study compares the findings from the most recent field investigation (September–October 2024) with data collected 13 years earlier from the same locality at Ezerani. Macrophyte material was collected following standard limnological procedures, and species abundance was assessed using a five-degree ordinal scale. The 2024 survey documented only three macrophyte species, whereas ten species had been recorded previously. This substantial reduction in richness and abundance points to moderate to severe ecological disturbance, attributed to increased anthropogenic pressure, nutrient enrichment, and the accelerated withdrawal of lake water that has exposed and desiccated former vegetated zones. The observed changes highlight a critical environmental situation in Lake Prespa and underline the urgent need for strengthened conservation actions. Effective management—integrating nutrient reduction, improved wastewater control, littoral restoration, and systematic monitoring—is essential to halt further degradation and preserve the remaining macrophyte communities.
TOGETHER FOR BETTER SCIENCE WITH THE MACEDONIAN ASSOCIATION FOR SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION
Introduction: Scientific communication is fundamental to advancing science, increasing visibility, and integrating science into society. In North Macedonia, there is a recognized need for systematic support for scientists and for an institutional framework that promotes quality peer review, transparent knowledge dissemination, and open access. Results: The Association was founded on June 10, 2025, by distinguished scientific professionals. Its mission is to ensure quality, visibility, and open access to Macedonian scientific output while aligning with international standards. The Association organizes training sessions, peer review workshops, seminars, conferences, and mentorship programs. Discussion: Through its activities, MASC plays a pivotal role in overcoming structural barriers in Macedonian science, promoting intersectoral and international cooperation, and empowering early-career researchers. It strengthens scientific culture, supports ethical research practices, and increases visibility of national research outputs.
ALGORITHMIC BIAS AND SDG EQUITY: ISSUES WITH REPRESENTATION IN AI OUTPUTS
AI is now everywhere, shaping how we search, write, and even create images. Recognizing this, this study investigates gender stereotypes in the image outputs of five leading generative artificial intelligence (AI) platforms such as: Grok, Gemini (Nano Banana), ChatGPT (DALL·E), and DeepSeek. Using a small set of prompts that focus on occupations (e.g., team coach, judge, housekeeper, computer programmer, primary school teacher), this qualitative research examines whether AI systems reproduce or challenge existing societal biases. Initial findings indicate that the generated images frequently reflect traditional gender norms: high-status roles such as judge or coach are predominantly depicted as male, while service-oriented or care-related roles, such as cleaning staff and primary school teacher, are more often portrayed as female. These results suggest that AI models, trained on large-scale human data, tend to mimic rather than mitigate human gender bias, posing challenges for Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 5 (Gender Equality) and 10 (Reduced Inequalities).
DISINFORMATION AND DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION OF NORTH MACEDONIA
Introduction: This paper explores the dynamic relationship between digital transformation and disinformation, focusing on their implications for the European integration of North Macedonia. The study addresses the increased presence of disinformation, low levels of media literacy, and challenges in aligning national digital policies with European standards. Methods: A combined theoretical and empirical approach is applied. The analysis highlights the European regulatory framework, with emphasis on the Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act. Empirical data are collected through media content analysis, surveys, and semi-structured interviews with citizens and experts. Results: Findings are expected to show that disinformation, especially as part of hybrid warfare, has significant influence on citizens' perceptions. Effective digital transformation and alignment with European regulations reduce institutional and societal vulnerability. Media literacy emerges as a central factor of resilience. Discussion: The study confirms that disinformation erodes confidence in EU integration, whereas digital transformation and regulatory harmonization enhance resilience. Media literacy proves essential, though limitations remain. Future research should extend to regional comparisons and the role of algorithms in amplifying disinformation.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROTIFER COMMUNITIES IN NATURAL LAKES AND RESERVOIRS OF NORTH MACEDONIA
Rotifers are widely recognized as effective bioindicators of freshwater ecosystems because of their sensitivity to environmental changes, rapid life cycles, and central role in aquatic food webs. In North Macedonia, natural lakes such as Ohrid, Prespa, and Dojran, alongside numerous artificial reservoirs, represent key aquatic habitats with contrasting ecological dynamics. Understanding differences in rotifer communities between natural and artificial systems is crucial for evaluating ecosystem health and the impacts of anthropogenic pressures. This study compares rotifer assemblages in natural lakes and reservoirs of North Macedonia, focusing on community structure, diversity, and responses to environmental drivers. The analysis is based on published studies and long-term monitoring programs. Results demonstrate higher diversity and stability in natural lakes, dominated by oligotrophic and mesotrophic taxa, while reservoirs exhibit lower species richness, stronger fluctuations, and dominance of opportunistic taxa associated with nutrient enrichment. These findings highlight the role of rotifers as indicators of hydrological and trophic stability, and emphasize the importance of continued ecological monitoring in the face of climate and land-use changes.
THE LANGUAGE OF IMAGERY AS A COMPONENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE MATHEMATICS TEACHERS
The article examines the concept of the «language of images» as an element of mathematical education, for the perception of abstract mathematical concepts in a visual format, facilitating their assimilation and understanding. The language of images is expressed through its syntax, semantics and pragmatics, as a basis for the formation of the visual subcompetence of the mathematics teacher as a component of information competence. The research addresses retrospective aspects of the use of visual aids in teaching mathematics, describes modern digital tools, their role in the development of critical thinking and their role in the development of the language of images in mathematics education. Special attention is also paid to the strategy of forming future teachers’ visual subcompetence as an important component of their information competence, which is based on analysis, creation and interpretation of visual models. Recommendations for the integration of the language of images into pedagogical practice are proposed in order to increase the effectiveness of mathematics education.
THE EU’S “GLOBAL GATEWAY” INITIATIVE AND GEORGIA’S TRANSIT FUNCTION: STRATEGY, INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
Introduction: Modern geopolitical and geoeconomical dynamics are reshaping the significance importance of strategic initiatives in worldwide. The Global Gateway strategy, launched by the European Union in 2021, responds to these shifts by promoting sustainable, secure and interconnected infrastructure in partner countries. This strategy has acquired heightened significance for Georgia, as it advances the country’s political, economic, and diplomatic convergence with the European Union within the framework of the Eastern Partnership, while simultaneously consolidating its position as a pivotal transit nexus connecting Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Black Sea energy corridor. Recent developments, particularly the U.S.-mediated agreement between Azerbaijan and Armenia concerning the transfer of the Zangezur Corridor - referred to as the “Trump Road to International Peace and Prosperity” - to the United States on a 99-year lease, are expected to significantly reshape the Caucasus dimension of the Global Gateway strategy. Although it is difficult to anticipate all the details at this stage, it is both possible and necessary to highlight several essential implications, which are also addressed in this article. Methods: The study applies a qualitative approach based on EU policy documents, international reports, and academic literature, combined with contextual geopolitical analysis of recent regional developments. Results: The findings indicate that the Global Gateway enhances Georgia’s potential to attract investment, modernize infrastructure, and deepen cooperation with the EU. At the same time, new geopolitical dynamics—most notably the U.S.-mediated agreement on the Zangezur Corridor, pose uncertainties for the Caucasus dimension of the strategy. Discussion:This article examines the theoretical foundations of the Global Gateway, its sectoral priorities, and Georgia’s role within the framework of the strategy. Special attention is given to the challenges and opportunities associated with the development of Georgia’s transit and energy potential, the deepening of relations with the European Union, and the necessity of strategic choices in a competitive international environment. The study draws on EU and international reports as well as thematic academic literature, providing analytical conclusions and recommendations.
EFFECT OF COMBUSTION CHAMBER DIAMETER ON NOX EMISSIONS IN A LIQUID FUEL COMBUSTION STEAM BOILER
Introduction: Industrial boilers are significant stationary sources of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Reducing the volumetric load rate of the combustion chamber through geometric changes can reduce the maximum flame temperature and NOx formation, but limited field data exists under fixed operating conditions Methods: An A/B comparison was performed on a 495 kW combustion chamber boiler configured with two combustion chamber diameters, keeping the rated output and heating surface constant: Ø 550 mm (boiler I) and Ø 650 mm (boiler II). At half load (Q = 272 kW) and full load (Q = 495 kW), the NOx concentration (mg/m³), thermal efficiency (η), and combustion chamber outlet temperature (°C) were measured. The volumetric load rate of the combustion chamber Qvf (kW/m³) was calculated for each configuration. The mass emission rates were estimated based on a measured flue gas flow rate of ≈770 m³/h per boiler. Results: Increasing the combustion chamber diameter from 550 mm to 650 mm reduced Qvf by 29% (1358 → 963 kW/m³) and lowered the NOx concentration at both loads: from 111 → 101 mg/m³ (half load) and 124 → 113 mg/m³ (full load).At full load, the outlet temperature dropped from 920 °C (Ø550) to 903 °C (Ø650). Thermal efficiency remained almost unchanged (92.3% compared to 92.1% at full load; 93.2% compared to 92.8% at half load; ≤0.4 percentage points difference). The reduction of 11 mg/m³ at full load corresponds to an emission reduction of ≈8.5 g NOx/h (≈85 g over 10 h). Discussion: Reducing the volumetric load rate of the combustion chamber by slightly increasing the combustion chamber diameter leads to a consistent reduction in NOx without any loss of performance or significant loss of efficiency under real operating conditions. Optimizing the combustion chamber geometry is a practical, cost-effective way to control NOx in industrial liquid fuel boilers.
MULTI-LIBERAL-EUROPE: A FREE SOCIETY THROUGH DIFFERENTIATED INTEGRATION
Introduction: This paper examines the relationship between two major ideological traditions in the European integration process—liberalism and European federalism—and explores the potential for their synthesis into a coherent political framework. Methods: The central research problem concerns the persistent heterogeneity of European Union (EU) member states with respect to their capacities and preferences for deeper integration, which continues to obstruct the realization of a free and united Europe. The study aims to investigate whether existing institutional mechanisms can facilitate the convergence of liberal and federalist ideas. The guiding research question is: Can liberalism and European federalism be combined into a viable political model for the EU through the mechanism of enhanced cooperation? Methodologically, the paper employs a theoretical analysis that integrates ideological inquiry with institutional examination. Attention is given to the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty, with a focus on enhanced cooperation as a pragmatic means of enabling differentiated integration. This framework is used to assess how diverse member states might simultaneously advance liberal and federalist objectives without requiring uniform participation. Results: The findings are presented in the conceptual model of Multi-Liberal Europe, a scenario in which member states apply liberal principles and federalist stages of integration in a differentiated manner. Discussion: This model provides a flexible, transitional mechanism for reconciling divergent national trajectories while maintaining broader momentum for integration. Although conceived as a provisional arrangement, the model aspires ultimately to contribute to the long-term vision of a Free and United Europe.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND REINTEGRATION STRATEGIES IN NORTH MACEDONIA'S FIGHT AGAINST VIOLENT EXTREMISM
Introduction: Current security challenges within the broader geopolitical context are significantly impacting North Macedonia. The objective of this study is to examine North Macedonia's strategies in countering violent extremism (CVE), addressing the reintegration of returnees, and improving intergovernmental coordination. Methods: The research employs a qualitative approach, drawing on official reports, government documents, policy frameworks, and secondary academic sources related to North Macedonia's counter-terrorism and CVE efforts. Results: Findings indicate that North Macedonia has established a reintegration strategy for approximately 40 of its citizens affiliated with the Islamic State. Around 50 individuals have been convicted of terrorism-related crimes. However, challenges persist, including lenient sentencing, limited reintegration outcomes, and weak interinstitutional coordination. Discussion: While North Macedonia has introduced legal and financial measures to monitor returnees and initiated collaborative reintegration programs, these efforts remain fragmented. Overlapping competences among institutions continue to obstruct efficiency. A proactive, well-coordinated approach is essential for strengthening resilience against extremism.
CURRENT QUALITY OF CROSSREF METADATA IN MACEDONIAN SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS (2025)
Introduction: When a publisher registers a DOI with Crossref, they are also expected to submit associated metadata—structured information about the content, such as the title, authors, publication date, abstract, funding data, references, ORCID iDs, and more. We aimed to analyse the current quality of Crossref Metadata in Macedonian scientific journals, and to suggest mechanisms for increase of the Crossref metadata quality in Macedonian scientific journals. Methods: On February 15, 2025, an analysis was conducted using Crossref's "Participation Reports – How good is your metadata?" tool (https://www.crossref.org/members/prep/) to identify publishers from the Republic of North Macedonia depositing Crossref metadata. The analysis, which focused exclusively on journal articles using the “All time” option (excluding books, book chapters, proceedings, and conference papers), revealed a total of 37 publishers and one co-publisher—Sciendo, De Gruyter Poland Sp. z o.o., based in Warsaw, Poland. Altogether, 37,595 registered content items from these Macedonian publishers were included in the evaluation. Results: The 2025 analysis of Crossref metadata in Macedonian scientific journals shows limited participation, with only 37 out of around 140 publishers represented. DOI deposits are led by a few key institutions, but reference, ORCID iD, affiliation, funding, and Crossmark metadata are largely missing, especially from major public universities. Abstracts are more widely deposited, though inconsistently across institutions. Text mining, license URLs, and similarity checks are poorly implemented, and no publishers have submitted ROR identifiers. Only three journals published via De Gruyter demonstrate strong metadata quality in several areas, but still lack key elements like ORCID, ROR, and funding data. Discussion: Current Crossref metadata quality in Macedonian scientific journals (2025) is very low. Only smaller part of Macedonian scientific journals uses DOI numbers. Most of the Macedonian scientific journals do not deposit Crossref metadata services (Metadata Retrieval, Content Registration, Reference linking, Cited-by, Funder Registry, Similarity Check, Crossmark).
SMALL STATE'S CAPTURED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS A CONSEQUENCE OF INSTITUTIONAL WEAKNESS AND POLITICAL POPULISM: WESTERN BALKANS CASE STUDY
Introduction: The purpose of this paper is to analyze to role of institutional and political frameworks, as a variable in the ongoing process of securing sustainable development. Authors thesis would rely on the explanation that the sustainable development is directly conditioned of the political and institutional frameworks in the case of small states with extremely limited political, economic, military and natural resources. Thus, the research question would be: What are the available instruments to small states in the process of securing development and sustainability? Methods: In the methodological context the topic was chosen based on its topicality and because it contributes to the raising the discussion about the role of small states in the chapter of international relations where the sustainable development agenda is almost at the top. The goal is also to acquire new scientific knowledge, particularly in the context of determining the room for maneuver of small states in their foreign policy actions in the context of contributors to the already mentioned agenda. The authors will use basic analytical methods, such as content analysis of literature and documents and abstraction, to highlight the important characteristics that determine the foreign policy actions of small. Among analytical methods, specialization will also be used to pay special attention to the correlation between the sustainable development agenda and the foreign policy behavior of small states. When it comes to synthetic basic methods, concretization will be used to analyze the empirical example of the Western Balkans. On the other hand, induction will be applied in the conclusion section to establish a broader contemporary understanding about the small states in contemporary international relations based on the empirical example. Results: Based on the available data, results and effectiveness of foreign policy activities, including internal political and institutional flows within the states of the so-called Western Balkans region used as an empirical example, results will provide explanation why the sustainable development agenda is "captured" from the perspective of their institutional and political dysfunctionality. Discussion: From the theoretical perspective, authors will use the understanding of institutionalism in order to confront it to neoclassical thesis about the individual role in the decision-making process, that is quite important for understanding internal flows of small states, as well as foreign policy positioning, bearing in mind the fact that sustainable development represents a process composed of internal policies and foreign policy activism.
NORMATIVE–LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROTOCOL OF COOPERATION BETWEEN THE PPO AND THE MoI OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA
Introduction: This paper provides a legal analysis of the provisions contained in the recently adopted Protocol of Cooperation between the Ministry of Interior (MoI) and the Public Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of North Macedonia (PPO) within the framework of criminal procedure. Methods: The paper conducts a comprehensive legal analysis of legislation within the relevant legal field and also the Protocol’s provisions, while also examining specific internal legal acts established between the two institutions. Results: The analysis demonstrated that the Protocol contains certain ambiguities in the legislative text that need to be more precisely defined. Discussion: By adopting the new Protocol, and considering the challenges faced in the past two years, both institutions have undertaken a substantial step towards overcoming divergences in their joint actions, with the overarching aim of ensuring that justice in the Republic of North Macedonia is administered at the highest possible standard.
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE SDGs
This paper's aim is to explore innovative approaches to organizational performance management, and its contribution to the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a focus on the economy in North Macedonia. The study employs a mixed-methods research design. The literature review provides the conceptual foundation, while empirical evidence is collected through surveys with structured questionnaires distributed to managers and executives, complemented by semi-structured in-depth interviews. Findings indicate that while awareness of sustainability is growing, organizations in Republic of North Macedonia often use performance measurement frameworks mainly for compliance purposes. Research results confirm that application of advanced performance management models leads to cost reduction, efficiency gains, improved reputation, and enhanced organizational resilience. The study concludes that embedding sustainability into performance management systems contributes not only to organizational success, but also to broader societal and environmental goals. Future research should focus on sector-specific implementation strategies and longitudinal studies.
UNDERSTANDING TOURIST EMOTIONS TO FOSTER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Introduction: The global emphasis on sustainable development, guided by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), has increased the need for strategies that protect cultural and natural resources, especially in tourism. This study addressed the challenge of integrating sustainable tourism with innovative management practices by analyzing tourist sentiments relating to the Monastery of Saint Naum, the most visited attraction in the Lake Ohrid Region in North Macedonia. Methods: Methods involved sentiment analysis on online reviews from TripAdvisor collected untilAugust 2025 to assess visitor experiences and perceptions. Results: Results showed predominantly positive sentiments focused on admiration for the site's natural beauty, historical and spiritual significance, and enjoyment of leisure activities such as boat rides and local dining. Negative feedback mainly concerned crowding and long queues, which slightly impaired visitor satisfaction. Discussion: The study concluded that sustainable tourism management strategies should balance visitor access with conservation efforts, including controlling peak-time visits, investing in preserving the monastery’s architectural heritage and natural surroundings, and promoting eco-friendly transport. Supporting local businesses within the monastery compound was also recommended to enhance visitor services and community benefits. These findings provide practical guidance for tourism managers, emphasizing the importance of understanding tourist emotions and aligning development with sustainability goals to safeguard the site’s cultural and environmental integrity for the future.
ADOLESCENT IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS IN HIGH SCHOOL YOUTH IN MACEDONIA AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Introduction: Idiopathic scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine with an unknown aetiology. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a common disease with an overall prevalence of 0.47–5.2 % in the current literature. The female to male ratio ranges from 1.5:1 to 3:1 and increases substantially with increasing age. Method: Descriptive study of the incident type, which includes 690 children of secondary school age from 15 to 18 years, with a clinical diagnosis of scoliosis, with the goal of radiological confirmation of the condition Results: From the statistical analysis of a total of 690 respondents, high school students aged 15 to 18, determined that spinal deviation is present in all 690 respondents because they come with a referral diagnosis of scoliosis determined by clinical examination. The mild form of scoliosis dominating, which is present in 89.1%, i.e. 614 respondents, with a moderate degree of scoliosis 7.9%, i.e. 54.5 respondents, while the severe form of scoliosis is found in 3%. Scoliosis is more prevalent in female children, i.e. it is present in 65.8% of them compared to male children. In terms of age group, scoliosis is more prevalent in children aged 16-17 years compared to the rest by 1.3%. Kyphoscoliosis as a deformity is present in 41.3% of the respondents, it is more prevalent in the male population. Discussion: Multidisciplinary and multisectoral approach is very important, it includes not only health workers and collaborators and education as a whole, but also the entire community should actively participate in the implementation of health promotion, with the goal of realizing the commitments of the WHO Declaration Health for all.
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: A CASE STUDY OF ESTONIA’S E-GOVERNANCE FOR INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Introduction: In today's world, increasingly afflicted by inequality, climate change, and governance problems, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) underscore the necessity of fostering inclusive and sustainable societies. Digital technologies provide a critical avenue for realizing these objectives and Estonia, a small Baltic nation, stands as an exemplary global example of this potential. Methods: This qualitative case study uses a narrative approach to explore how the Estonian national government utilized digital technology to digitize public administration, including in the domains of education, taxation, and justice, with the aim of fostering inclusive and sustainable societies, drawing on peer-reviewed studies, government records, and industry reports. The study also underscores the nation's steadfast commitment to safeguarding privacy and cybersecurity, while also highlighting, scaling and sustainability challenges currently experienced by the nation. Results and Discussion: The findings of the study indicate that Estonia's e-governance, facilitated by digital technologies and characterized by features such as e-voting, e-education, e-health, e-ID, e-residency, e-business tools, e-justice, and data embassy has enhanced public engagement, decreased operational expenses, and mitigated environmental effects. These results highlight how a government driven by digital technology is guiding the nation towards greater inclusivity and sustainability. Additionally, it emphasizes that inter-sectoral collaboration and strategic approaches to improve cyber resilience is crucial to the success of e-governance and ultimately to the establishment of inclusive and sustainable societies. The study concludes that Estonia’s e-governance has helped establish inclusive and sustainable societies and furthered equitable and sustainable development in accordance with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, including SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions). It underscores equitable practices, strong inter-sectoral collaboration and strategic and proactive governance are crucial for enabling technology-driven public administration. Originality and Value: Building inclusive and sustainable societies is increasingly significant, in today’s world where governments are seeking governance frameworks that are transparent, effective, and people-oriented. This study offers policy makers and strategists of other nations much-needed guidance on how digital technologies can be leveraged to improve public administration for building inclusive and sustainable societies.
A MULTIDIMENSIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR PSYCHOMOTOR REHABILITATION AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
This research used an interdisciplinary model that integrates psychomotor rehabilitation with inclusive education for students with cerebral palsy. The research revealed the need for individualized, specific rehabilitation that supports functional independence and active participation in learning environments. A case study design was used including a nine-year-old girl with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy attending a regular school. Standardized instruments such as the Gross motor function classification system, Manual ability classification system, Modified Ashworth scale, and Pediatric evaluation of disability inventory were used. Cognitive, communicative, social and emotional functioning were assessed through classroom observations, evaluations, and interviews. The results showed moderate motor limitations and dysarthric speech but preserved visual perception, motivation, and symbolic understanding. Environmental and systemic barriers such as fragmented rehabilitation services and insufficient interprofessional collaboration limited her progress. The results clarify the relevance of coordinated, family-centered intervention integrating rehabilitation, education, and social support to improve inclusion and general development in children with cerebral palsy.
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN PREGNANCY: PREVALENCE, DIAGNOSIS, AND PUBLIC HEALTH STRATEGIES
Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide and the leading cause of anemia during pregnancy. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable due to increased iron demands, posing risks for both maternal and fetal health. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence, diagnostic approaches, and public health strategies related to IDA in pregnancy. Methods: A review of epidemiological data from the World Health Organization (WHO), relevant literature, and national health registries was conducted. Diagnostic standards based on hemoglobin concentration and serum ferritin levels were evaluated, along with screening and iron supplementation strategies within antenatal care. Results: According to WHO data, more than 40% of pregnant women globally suffer from anemia, with iron deficiency being the main cause. The highest prevalence is recorded in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, but moderate prevalence is also seen in parts of Europe and the Balkans. Early screening and iron supplementation during pregnancy have shown positive outcomes, including a measurable decrease in maternal anemia and associated complications. Discussion: The findings highlight the need for standardized prenatal screening protocols and universal supplementation policies. Barriers include limited access to health services, lack of awareness, and low adherence to supplementation. Improving maternal health requires strengthened public health initiatives, education on nutrition, and equitable access to prenatal care. Further research is needed to optimize the timing and delivery of interventions.
ECOLOGICAL STATUS ASSESSMENT OF LAKE PRESPA BASED ON THE MACROZOOBENTHOS FAUNA
Introduction: Lake Prespa, a transboundary freshwater ecosystem of high ecological value, is increasingly affected by anthropogenic pressures and fluctuating water levels. This study assesses the ecological status of its littoral zone (North Macedonian side) based on the composition, diversity and distribution of macrozoobenthic communities. Methods and results: Sampling was carried out in autumn 2022 at three sites: Oteshevo, Nakolec and Krani. The research was conducted using standard limnological methods and in accordance with the EU Directive. Samples were collected using a van Ven grab (225 cm2) at various depths and habitats, using vertical transects extending to the limit of macrophytic vegetation.A total of eleven species from seven systematic groups were registered: Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Amphipoda, Isopoda and Insecta. Nakolec and Krani recorded higher diversity (8 species each), while Oteshevo had only 5. Macrozoobenthos density ranged from 1250 ind/m² (Oteshevo) to 3250 ind/m² (Nakolec), with Dreissena carinata peaking at 1875 ind/m² at 2 m depth in Nakolec. A clear decline in biodiversity with depth was observed. Discussion: The results indicate that the invertebrate biodiversity decreases with depth, likely due to increasing sediment uniformity and greater stability of environmental factors with depth. Continued monitoring is recommended for long-term ecological assessment.
NGOs AND HUMAN SECURITY: CONTRIBUTION TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA IN NORTH MACEDONIA
In North Macedonia, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play an important role by addressing specific Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) themes that prioritize human security. This study aims to answer the research question: How engaged are NGOs in North Macedonia in fulfilling the SDGs that touch on human security themes? The hypothesis is that NGOs in North Macedonia are moderately engaged in achieving the SDGs due to limited information and financial opportunities.The methodology used in our scientific paper is based on a qualitative analysis of United Nations reports on the SDGs in North Macedonia, the Government of North Macedonia's strategic documents, and NGOs' reports on their engagement with the SDGs.Some NGOs in North Macedonia are engaged in achieving the SDGs, with a special emphasis on human security. It is expected that further analysis will establish that NGOs play an important role in human security, as they operate at the local level and can more easily foster regional cooperation that advances the SDGs with a human security character.NGOs in North Macedonia are an important factor in connecting sustainable development and human security by engaging in work aligned with the SDGs across various themes. Their efforts to fulfill the SDGs with a human security character are constrained by the limited support they receive from institutions and donors. Strengthening capacities, creating new opportunities, and providing greater institutional and financial support are essential to their commitment to fulfilling the SDGs.
SNAPLOGIC AUTOMATION AS A CATALYST FOR ETL AND MACHINE LEARNING WORKFLOWS
Introduction: This study explores the use of SnapLogic automation to modernize Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) processes and support scalable machine learning (ML) workflows. Traditional ETL pipelines are slowed by manual intervention, inefficiency, and limited scalability. Methods: Our methodology followed an applied research design, focusing on the practical implementation of SnapLogic automation for ETL and machine learning workflows. Automated pipelines were built to handle data preparation, model deployment, and performance monitoring, and were tested with both synthetic and real-world datasets. Results: SnapLogic automation significantly improved efficiency, reduced development time, minimized manual errors, and enabled real-time processing of large, dynamic workloads. Continuous monitoring and automated lifecycle management enhanced system reliability and resilience. Discussion: These findings demonstrate that SnapLogic directly addresses the limitations of traditional ETL by streamlining workflows and bridging the gap between data engineering and ML. While the platform may involve a higher upfront investment, it optimizes long-term costs for large organizations.